Avaliação dos procedimentos de licenciamento ambiental e a normatização de empreendimentos voltados à geração de energia eólica em Pernambuco

Abstract

The changes that took place in the composition of the world energy matrix favored the growth of renewable and intermittent sources such as wind and solar, requiring more and more strategic planning. The latest surveys indicate the evolution of installed capacity in Brazil, with a forecast for 2020 of 17.289 MW of wind generation. In this scenario, the Northeast region deserves to be highlighted, since it corresponds to approximately half of the total Brazilian generation capacity reaching a power of 75.000 MW. In Pernambuco, with the goal of increasing wind power production in the State, approximately 35 parks are in the design or construction / operation phase, distributed by 14 municipalities, totaling more than R$ 3 billion in investments. The research proposal is the elaboration of a field method for the environmental licensing of an application, containing the most relevant criteria for potential environmental impacts and a flowchart containing the steps of the environmental licensing process, aiming to provide the monitoring agent, in loco, the verification of the pre-established parameters, making the necessary adjustments for the effective release of the enterprise. For this study, the areas were delimited in two wind farms, both located in the state of Pernambuco, called the Serra das Vacas Wind Farm, in the municipality of Paranatama, located in the Agreste mesoregion and the Fontes dos Ventos Wind Farm, in the municipality of Tacaratu, located in the São Francisco mesoregion. In the applied methodology, the analysis of the information contained in the Simplified Environmental Report of the Serra das Vacas project was used, where the potential impacts generated (implementation and operation phases) and their mitigation measures were mentioned and arranged in matrices, as well as the space-time analysis of satellite images, aiming at comparing information on improvement (reuse) or construction of new road accesses. In the cases studied, it was verified the existence of environmental impacts, due to the deforestation caused by the opening of new accesses, not where possible, the reuse of existing accesses. The use of this methodology showed that there was suppression of vegetation on a single road measured in the Serra das Vacas Park, equivalent to an area of 4.659,00 m2. Similarly, in relation to the Wind Source Wind Complex, a suppression of an area of 7.363,00 m2 could have been avoided, which totaled in both cases a total vegetation suppression area of 12.022,00 m2 in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain, which already has in some areas a process of desertification. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of management tools such as Strategic Environmental Assessment, together with space-time analyzes of geoprocessed satellite images, which will allow the manager to perform environmental analyzes and comparative with the low plan of the wind farm, promoting, if necessary, the necessary changes, adjustments and adjustments in the pre-defined layout in the RAS, provided by the entrepreneur.